350-401 Implementing Cisco Enterprise Network Core Technologies (350-401 ENCOR) Questions and Answers

EIRP, or Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, is calculated using the numerical values of the transmitter power level, cable loss, and antenna gain. It represents the power level that an isotropic antenna (which radiates power uniformly in all directions) would emit to achieve the same signal strength as the actual antenna in the direction of its strongest signal.

The NETCONF protocol typically communicates over port 830. When a script fails to retrieve the running configuration from a NETCONF-capable Cisco IOS XE device, it’s often because the script is not using the correct port for NETCONF communication. By setting the script to use port 830, you align with the default NETCONF port, which should resolve the issue and allow the script to successfully retrieve the configuration.

Solution:-

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 To complete the NAT configuration on R1, the commands should specify which interfaces are inside and outside relative to NAT. The correct set of commands would be:

R1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/0

R1(config-if)# ip nat inside

R1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/1

R1(config-if)# ip nat outside

This configuration designates the interfaces on R1 that will participate in NAT: GigabitEthernet 0/0 as the inside interface where the local network resides, and GigabitEthernet 0/1 as the outside interface facing the external network.

 The correct answer is B, “It runs directly on a physical server and includes its own operating system.” A Type 1 hypervisor, also known as a bare-metal hypervisor, is installed directly on the hardware of a physical server without any underlying host operating system. It acts as a lightweight operating system designed specifically to manage virtual machines2345. References := What is a Hypervisor? Types of Hypervisors 1 & 2 - phoenixNAP, Explore Type 1 Hypervisors - Set Up Virtual Machines Using VirtualBox, Hypervisor Type 1 vs. Type 2: What Is the Difference, and Does It Matter? - MUO, What Are Hypervisors? | IBM

 Traditional WANs are characterized by centralized reachability, security, and application policies. This means that the WAN is managed from a central location, allowing for consistent policy enforcement and simplification of the network structure. Traditional WANs do not operate over DTLS and TLS tunnels; instead, they rely on dedicated leased lines, MPLS, or other types of connections that provide point-to-point connectivity. The data plane and control plane are typically integrated in traditional WAN devices, such as routers, which handle both forwarding data packets and the routing protocols that manage path selection.

References:

Traditional WAN Design Summary - Cisco1

The 2015 Guide to WAN Architecture & Design - Cisco2

Traditional WAN vs. SD-WAN: Everything You Need to Know3

The issue with the voice traffic from the branch site to the central site is due to traffic load-balancing over both links, causing packets to arrive out of order. In the exhibit, there are two paths for network traffic to travel between R2 and R1 routers. When multiple equal-cost paths exist (ECMP), routers can distribute outbound traffic fairly evenly across these paths. However, this can sometimes lead to packets arriving at their destination out of order, especially in scenarios involving real-time communication like voice or video conferencing.

For a WLAN that requires users to enter a passphrase and supports 802.11r, the correct configuration is FT PSK (Fast Transition Pre-Shared Key) along with Fast Transition. Thissetup allows for quick and secure roaming between access points within the same WLAN, reducing the time it takes for re-authentication and maintaining a seamless user experience. References: The SPCOR course materials cover WLAN configuration and security, including 802.11r and fast roaming techniques

The error message “uri keypath not found” suggests that the URI used to fetch the BGP configuration is incorrect. This means the BGP data resource identifier in the URL is incorrect, making option A the correct answer. The script is attempting to access a RESTCONF resource that does not exist on the server, hence the “404 Not Found” error.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course1234.

Cisco Service Provider training materials567.

  The Cisco DNA Center Template Editor tool is a feature within the Cisco Digital Network Architecture Center that allows for centralized management of network device configurations. It utilizes a CLI template to create and assign configuration files to specific network profiles. This tool enables the deployment of configurations to any device under a campus fabric through a predefined configuration using parameterized elements or variables1.

 The radiation pattern depicted in the exhibit is characteristic of an omnidirectional antenna. This type of antenna radiates or receives signals uniformly in all directions on a horizontal plane, which is evident from the circular Azimuth Pattern. The Elevation Pattern also suggests a broad, uniform coverage, which aligns with the properties of an omnidirectional antenna. These antennas are commonly used in scenarios where a 360-degree coverage is required, such as in wireless local area networks (WLANs).

The configuration in option C is required to ensure that the preferred path for traffic from AS 65010 toward AS 65020 uses the R2 to R4 path. In BGP, the path with the highest local preference is preferred. The local preference attribute is a well-known discretionary attribute that is communicated within an autonomous system (AS). In this case, configuring R4 with a higher local preference ensures that it becomes the preferred path for outgoing traffic towards AS 65020. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), the protocol operations, and notifications for NETCONF. One of the key benefits of YANG is that it enforces configuration constraints, ensuring that the data adheres to the defined schema and rules, which helps in maintaining the integrity and validity of the network configuration.

Implementing a data model tag language like XML facilitates machine-oriented logic and processing because it provides a structured, machine-readable format. This allows for automated parsing and processing of data, improving the accuracy and efficiency of operations. XML’s self-describing nature also simplifies the interpretation of the data by different systems. References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course covers the use of structured data models and their benefits in automating network configurations and operations1.

Edge nodes in a network serve as critical components that provide multiple entry and exit points for fabric traffic, allowing for efficient routing and distribution of data. Additionally, edge nodes are responsible for authenticating endpoints, ensuring secure access and maintaining the integrity of the network.

The default virtual MAC address used by HSRP group 12 is “00:05:5e:00:0c:12”. This address is derived from the HSRP group number and follows the format “00:05:5e:00:01” with the group number in hexadecimal. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 To ensure DSW1 becomes the root bridge for VLAN 10 and 20, the command spanning-tree mst 1 root primary is used. This command sets the switch’s priority to be the lowest in the network, making it the root bridge for the specified MST instance.

To enable R1 and R2 to advertise routes into OSPF, the configurations must include the network command under OSPF configuration mode specifying the network to be advertised along with the appropriate wildcard mask and area ID. Additionally, the interfaces that connect R1 and R2 should be configured with the ip ospf command to include them in the OSPF process. References := The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course covers OSPF configuration and optimization in a Service Provider network infrastructure, which includes the use of the network and ip ospf commands for route advertisement

 Configuring NetFlow on both inbound and outbound directions can help in capturing all the traffic flow data, thereby minimizing or resolving the issue of missing NetFlow data during peak utilization times. This ensures that all entering and exiting traffic is accounted for, providing a more comprehensive view of the network’s utilization.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training and certification course1.

Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0 course overview2.

Cisco 350-501 SPCOR exam topics3.

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is a protocol designed to quickly detect failures in the path between two forwarding engines, often in less than one second. It accelerates routing convergence by rapidly notifying routing protocols of the failure, so they can recompute routing paths.

 A palm scanner is a biometric device that uses the physical characteristics of a person’s palm to authenticate and authorize access. This method is considered more secure than traditional methods because it relies on unique biological traits. References: Biometric security methods like palm scanners are part of the security measures discussed in the SPCOR course, emphasizing their role in protecting network access

This approach involves isolating the problem to a specific component or area, which in this case is the connectivity to the default gateway and DNS server. By testing these individual elements, the technician can determine if the issue lies within the local network or if it’s related to external factors such as DNS resolution. References: The concept of divide-and-conquer is a fundamental troubleshooting methodology discussed in the context of network troubleshooting in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course1.

 A junior security administrator should recommend implementing an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) to mitigate malicious network activity. An IPS monitors network traffic for signs of suspicious or unauthorized behavior and can take proactive measures to block or prevent attacks. It helps protect against known vulnerabilities, zero-day exploits, and other security threats.

For Layer 3 CAPWAP discovery of lightweight APs in the LAN network segment, two actions that facilitate this process are:

Configuring an IP helper-address on the router interface (B): This action helps forward DHCP requests from the APs to the DHCP server, which can then provide the necessary information for the APs to discover the controller.

Utilizing DHCP option 43 (E): This DHCP option allows the DHCP server to provide the IP address of the Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) to the APs, enabling them to discover and join the controller.

 Small or mid-size businesses often opt for cloud solutions due to the lower upfront costs compared to on-premises solutions. Cloud services typically offer a subscription model allowing businesses to scale resources according to their needs, avoiding large capital expenditures required for on-premises infrastructure.

 The command set in Option C correctly applies an access list to permit only the specified subnet to access the VTY lines. Additionally, it specifies the use of secure protocols by enabling transport input ssh, which prohibits clear-text protocols like telnet.

A Type 2 hypervisor, also known as a hosted hypervisor, is installed on top of the host’s operating system. It relies on the host OS to manage and interact with the hardware. Consequently, any issues that arise in the base operating system, such as crashes or security vulnerabilities, can potentially impact all the virtual machines running on the hypervisor. This is in contrast to a Type 1 hypervisor, which operates directly on the hardware and is therefore less dependent on an underlying OS456.

References:

AWS: Type 1 vs Type 2 Hypervisors - Difference Between Hypervisor Types4.

phoenixNAP: What is a Hypervisor? Types of Hypervisors 1 & 25.

MUO: Hypervisor Type 1 vs. Type 2: What Is the Difference, and Does It Matter?

The exhibit shows the output of a ‘show ip nat statistics’ command on router R1, indicating that Port Address Translation (PAT) overload parameters are configured. This is evident from the “pool Basi” which has two allocated addresses, suggesting that multiple internal addresses are being translated to a single external address using different ports, a characteristic feature of PAT overload. References: For specific references, please consult the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider source documents or study guide.

 After a Layer 3 roam, a client is assigned the mobility role of ‘anchor’ in the client table of the new controller. This role indicates that the client has roamed across different IP subnets and the original controller, where the client first authenticated, maintains the client’s session and acts as the anchor point. The new controller communicates with the anchor controller to maintain the client’s connectivity and services.

References:

Chapter: Chapter 14 - Configuring Mobility Groups - Cisco6

Cisco Wireless Controller Configuration Guide, Release 8.57

 In the Cisco SD-WAN architecture, the vSmart controller is responsible for the control plane of the overlay network. It plays a crucial role in distributing IPsec keys among all WAN Edge routers within the network, which is essential for securing data plane traffic encryption across the overlay network. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide.

To configure a WLAN for WPA2-AES with PSK and ensure that only clients capable of 802.11r (fast roaming) can connect, the correct action is to enable Fast Transition and FT + PSK. Fast Transition, also known as 802.11r, is a protocol that allows clients to roam quickly between access points within the same WLAN. By enabling FT + PSK, you ensure that the pre-shared key is used in conjunction with fast roaming capabilities, providing a secure and efficient connection for supported devices.

 The command set in Option D is used to configure flexible NetFlow on Cisco switches. The “cache timeout inactive 20” command ensures that if the flow is idle for 20 seconds, the flow sample will be exported, preventing overloading of the flow collector.

When HSRP version is changed from 1 to 2, each HSRP group reinitializes due to the new virtual MAC address associated with version 2. This change in virtual MAC address necessitates the reinitialization123. References := Cisco’s official documentation on HSRP and HSRP Version 2

The Python code in the exhibit is likely making a request to a Cisco device’s API and attempting to parse the JSON response to extract the ‘kickstart_ver_str’ value. The correct answer is C, 7.61, which suggests that the JSON response contains a dictionary with a key ‘kickstart_ver_str’ that has a value of ‘7.61’. This version number corresponds to the kickstart version string of the Cisco NX-OS software.

In Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE), when you want to assign VLANs to clients based on their method of authentication, you must enable the AAA Override option in the authorization profile settings. This allows attributes such as VLAN ID, Access Control Lists (ACLs), and session timeout values received in RADIUS accept messages from Cisco ISE to override the interface configuration on the network access device. Without enabling AAA Override, the network device will not apply the VLAN assignments specified by ISE during authentication.

Radio Resource Management (RRM) is an essential feature that optimizes wireless network performance by managing the radio frequencies in use. In a Cisco SD-Access wireless solution, RRM is performed by the wireless controller. The controller continuously monitors and manages aspects such as radio frequency assignment, power levels, and channel settings to ensure optimal performance and coverage for wireless clients. It dynamically adjusts these settings based on the environment and network conditions to maintain the best possible wireless experience.

Fabric wireless controllers manage and control the fabric-mode APs using the same general model as the traditional local-mode controllers which offers the same operational advantages such as mobility control and radio resource management. A significant difference is that client traffic from wireless endpoints is not tunnelled from the APs to the wireless controller. Instead, communication from wireless clients is encapsulated in VXLAN by the fabric APs which build a tunnel to their first-hop fabric edge node. Wireless traffic it tunneled to the edge nodes as the edge nodes provide fabric services such as the Layer 3 Anycast Gateway, policy, and traffic enforcement.https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/sol utions/CVD/Campus/cisco-sda-design-guide.html

 The error message indicates an MD5 authentication failure between the two BGP peers. The IP addresses involved are 10.10.10.1 and 10.120.10.1, which should correspond to R1 and R2 respectively. The correct configurations to resolve this issue would be to ensure that both routers are configured with the same password for MD5 authentication within the same peer group CORP.

Option A is correct because it configures R1 with the CORP peer group and sets the password to “Cisco” for MD5 authentication.

Option E is correct because it configures R2 with a neighbor in the CORP peer group at IP address 10.10.10.1 (which should be R1) and sets the password to “Cisco” for MD5 authentication.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 The error message “channel-misconfig error detected” indicates a misconfiguration in the EtherChannel setup between two switches. This can occur when there is a mismatch in EtherChannel protocols being used on each switch involved in the EtherChannel configuration. To resolve this issue, both switches should be configured to use either PAgP (Port Aggregation Protocol) or LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol), ensuring protocol consistency across both switches.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 When wireless clients roam between different wireless controllers, they should experience seamless connectivity if the controllers are correctly configured. A common configuration issue that can cause a network connectivity outage during roaming is when the controllers in the mobility group do not have the same virtual interface IP address. The virtual interface is used by the controllers to exchange mobility messages and manage client state information. If the virtual interface IP addresses are not consistent across the mobility group, the controllers cannot properly communicate, leading to potential outages during client roaming.

Nonstop Forwarding (NSF) is designed to maintain packet forwarding even when there is a failure in the route processor. When a redundant route processor fails, NSF works with Stateful Switchover (SSO) to ensure that the current forwarding state and routing tables are synchronized between the active and standby route processors. This synchronization allows the standby processor to immediately take over without any loss of packets. NSF ensures that the neighboring routers continue to forward packets based on the most recent tables without needing to reconverge.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course

Cisco EDR (Endpoint Detection and Response) utilizes a combination of containment, threat intelligence, and machine learning to provide robust threat detection and response protection. Containment refers to the ability to isolate a threat at the endpoint, preventing it from spreading across the network. Threat intelligence involves analyzing data to identify and understand threats, while machine learning algorithms are used to detect patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach.

When configuring WPA2 Enterprise on a WLAN, a RADIUS server is required for authentication. WPA2 Enterprise uses 802.1X for network access control and requires a RADIUS server to validate credentials and to manage the keys used to encrypt traffic.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book and study guide 

Diagram Description automatically generated

To prevent a DR/BDR election on a network, the OSPF interface priority needs to be set to 0. This can be done by using the ip ospf priority 0 command on the router’s interface configuration. With this setting, the router is ineligible to become a DR or BDR, ensuring that no election takes place on that interface.

 VTEP (VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint) is responsible for encapsulating the original Ethernet frame into a VXLAN packet and de-encapsulating it upon arrival at its destination within the VXLAN fabric. It adds or removes VXLAN headers as necessary for traffic entering or leaving the overlay network. References := Cisco

 External antennas are used inside a building when they can provide the required coverage, which is determined by the specific design and requirements of the wireless network. The use of external antennas is not limited to any particular deployment model or frequency band; it is based on the coverage needs. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies study guide

The WLAN security settings indicate that the PSK (Pre-Shared Key) is enabled, which typically requires a passphrase or text string for authentication. However, since the question specifies that the configuration is based on the exhibit, and without the ability to view the exhibit, it’s not possible to provide a definitive answer. Generally, if PSK is used, a text string would be the method for clients to authenticate to the network. If 802.1X is enabled, then username and password would be used. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

The customer’s requirements include FHRP redundancy, a multivendor router environment, and support for IPv4 and IPv6 hosts. VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) version 2 is the appropriate protocol to meet these requirements. It provides FHRP redundancy to increase the availability of routing paths via automatic default gateway selections on an IP subnetwork. VRRP version 2 supports both IPv4 and IPv6, making it suitable for environments that utilize both IP versions. Additionally, being a standard protocol, it supports a multivendor router environment. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

 The exhibit shows the configuration of spanning-tree on an interface with all VLANs (VLAN0010, VLAN0020, VLAN0030, VLAN0040) in a Designated Forwarding state and Type as Point-to-Point Edge. This configuration is consistent with the enabling of PortFast on the interface. PortFast is enabled by entering the command spanning-tree portfast in the interface configuration mode. PortFast causes a switch or trunk port to enter the spanning tree forwarding state immediately, bypassing the listening and learning states. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies Study Guide

When using Transport Layer Security (TLS) for secure syslog transmission, the configuration should specify TCP as the transport protocol because it provides reliable message delivery. The default port for secure syslog over TLS is 6514, not the standard syslog port 514, which is typically used for unencrypted syslog over UDP.

References: General knowledge of network security protocols and syslog transportation methods.

802.1X is a standard for network access control that provides an authentication mechanism to devices wishing to attach to a LAN or WLAN. It is based on the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) framework for transporting authentication protocols and encapsulating the EAP within Ethernet frames. In the context of the Cisco Service Provider, implementing 802.1X can ensure that only authenticated devices are allowed access to the network, enhancing security.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Cisco

 HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary redundancy protocol for establishing a fault-tolerant default gateway. The protocol establishes a framework between network routers to achieve default gateway failover if the primary gateway becomes inaccessible. HSRP group 37 uses the virtual MAC address 00:00:0c:07:ac:25 by default. This address is derived from the HSRP group number, which in this case is 37. The MAC address is composed of the Cisco OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), which is 00:00:0c, followed by the fixed HSRP identifier 07:ac, and finally the HSRP group number in hexadecimal format, which for group 37 is 25 in hexadecimal.

The output confirms that R1 is configured with PAT (Port Address Translation) overload parameters because it shows a dynamic translation, indicating that multiple internal addresses are being translated to a single external address but with a different port number for each session. This can be inferred from the NAT statistics and mappings in the exhibit. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

CEF, or Cisco Express Forwarding, is a high-speed packet forwarding mechanism used in Cisco routers. Unlike process switching, which involves the CPU making forwarding decisions for each individual packet, CEF makes use of two key components to expedite the process:

FIB (Forwarding Information Base): This table contains pre-computed routes for packet forwarding, allowing for quick lookups and forwarding decisions.

Adjacency Table: This table lists the next-hop addresses and associated Layer 2 information for all FIB entries, enabling efficient packet transmission to the next hop.

The combination of these tables allows CEF to bypass the CPU for most forwarding decisions, significantly reducing processing time and increasing the speed at which packets are forwarded through the router.

References: The explanation is based on the concepts outlined in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials, which detail the workings of CEF and its advantages over process switching.

 To fix the issue of intermittent Wi-Fi connectivity due to frequent channel changes near a large commercial airport, the actions that should be taken are to remove UNII-2 and Extended UNII-2 channels from the 5 GHz channel list (Option A) and disable DFS channels (Option E). These channels are more susceptible to interference from radar systems used in aviation, and disabling them can reduce the occurrence of automatic channel switching that leads to connectivity loss. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source book

 The issue indicated by POSTMAN in the exhibit is related to an expired token. When interacting with Cisco DNA Center API, a token is required for authentication purposes. This token has a limited lifespan for security reasons and must be renewed periodically. If a request is made with an expired token, the API will not authenticate the request, and an error will be returned, indicating that the token is no longer valid.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials provide detailed information on how to interact with Cisco APIs, including handling tokens and managing their lifecycle. 

 The code defines a function get_credentials() which returns a dictionary containing a username and password. When the function is called, it retrieves the value associated with the key ‘username’ from this dictionary. Since the value for ‘username’ is set to ‘Cisco’, the output of this code when the print(get_credentials()) statement is executed will be ‘Cisco’.

References: This explanation is based on general programming knowledge in Python, as specific references to Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) 

In the Cisco SD-WAN architecture, the vBond orchestrator plays a pivotal role during the initial onboarding process of edge devices. It acts as a STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) server, which is essential for establishing communication between the edge devices and the rest of the SD-WAN infrastructure. The vBond orchestrator facilitates the discovery and authentication of edge devices, helping them to connect to the vSmart controllers and vManage management platform. This process ensures a secure and efficient onboarding of devices into the SD-WAN network.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

 TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory) and the MAC address table serve different purposes in networking devices. The MAC address table, also known as the CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table, is used for making Layer 2 forwarding decisions. It stores MAC addresses and the corresponding port numbers to which they are attached. On the other hand, TCAM is a specialized type of CAM that is used for high-speed packet classification by storing ACL (Access Control Lists), QoS (Quality of Service) policies, and routing information. TCAM supports more complex lookups, such as longest prefix match, which are essential for Layer 3 routing decisions.

https://community.cisco.com/t5/networking-documents/cam-content-addressable-memory-vs-tcam-ternary-content/ta-p/3107938

When usingTernary Content Addressable Memory(TCAM) inside routers it’s used for faster address lookup that enables fast routing.

In switchesContent Addressable Memory(CAM) is used for building and lookup of mac address table that enables L2 forwarding decisions.

Besides Longest-Prefix Matching, TCAM in today’s routers and multilayer Switch devices are used to store ACL, QoS and other things from upper-layer processing.

The Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) map resolver is responsible for processing incoming map-request messages from Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs). It decapsulates these messages and forwards them to the Map Server (MS), which then looks up the corresponding Endpoint Identifier (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC) mappings. This process is crucial for the LISP control plane, enabling the dynamic resolution of EID-to-RLOC mappings necessary for routing LISP-encapsulated traffic across the network.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

Cisco documentation on LISP architecture and operation.

The vSmart controller in an SD-WAN deployment is primarily responsible for distributing policies that govern data forwarding within the SD-WAN fabric. These policies are central to the SD-WAN’s ability to manage traffic efficiently, providing optimized paths based on various criteria such as application type, quality of service, and security requirements. The vSmart controller acts as the brain of the SD-WAN, enabling it to adapt to changing network conditions and enforce policies consistently across the network.

The logging message “HSRP-5-DUPADDR: Duplicate address 10.10.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0, sourced by 0000.0c07.ac02” indicates that there is another device on the network with the IP address that has been configured for HSRP group 50’s virtual IP address (10.10.1.1). This could be a PC or any other device that has been assigned this IP address statically or dynamically, which conflicts with the HSRP virtual IP causing the error message. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials would cover HSRP configuration and troubleshooting, including how to resolve issues related to duplicate IP addresses.

MACsec (Media Access Control Security) is a security technology that provides secure communication for all traffic on Ethernet links. MACsec provides Layer 2 hop-by-hop encryption, which enables data confidentiality and integrity to be maintained between nodes in the network. It operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model and encrypts packets before they are transmitted across the network cables and devices.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

Layer 3 roaming in a unified wireless deployment is achieved by creating an EoIP tunnel between the client and the anchor controller. This tunnel maintains a consistent client experience and connectivity as the client roams and associates with new APs. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source book

The correct action is to change the access-list number in the route map to match the access-list defined for the VRF leaking. The access-list number is a reference that must correspond between the route-map and the access-list configuration. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source book

In a Software-Defined Access (SD-Access) solution, a fabric edge node is responsible for connecting wired endpoints to the SD-Access fabric. It acts as a gateway for these endpoints, allowing them to access and communicate within the network’s fabric, which provides a scalable, flexible, and secure architecture for enterprise networking. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

To address a long-standing contention issue between two VMs on the same host, the best method is to live migrate one of the VMs to another host. This process, known as VMotion inVMware environments, allows you to move a running VM to a different host with minimal downtime, effectively redistributing the workload and alleviating the contention issue without disrupting services.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course

The command “Router(config)# ip sla responder udp-connect” configures the router to be the destination of jitter measurements by enabling it to respond to UDP connect operations sent by another Cisco device performing IP SLAs operations, which are used for measuring jitter among other metrics. References := Cisco

 The valid JSON file is the one that correctly follows the JSON format, which is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate. The JSON format is based on a subset of the JavaScript language, though it can be used with many other programming languages. In the context of Cisco Service ProviderNetwork Core Technologies, JSON files are often used for configuration and data interchange between network devices and management systems.

Mobility Express is a solution designed for small to medium-sized deployments where a physical controller is not required. It simplifies the deployment and management of Wi-Fi networks by allowing local management using the CAPWAP protocol, which is ideal for the customer’s requirement of managing several small branches.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

The principle of fail-safe defaults states that, by default, access to a resource should be denied unless it has been explicitly granted. This is a security best practice that ensures users have the least amount of access necessary, reducing the risk of unauthorized access or actions. It is part of a broader set of design principles aimed at enhancing the security and integrity of a system.

References := This concept is covered in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course

Table Description automatically generated

There are four messages sent between the DHCP Client and DHCP Server: DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST and DHCPACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

This process is often abbreviated asDORA(for Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledgement).

In the context of Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies, a dynamic continuous mapped NAT requires a pool of addresses that can be assigned to internal hosts as they initiate traffic towards the external network. The configuration shown in the exhibit indicates that there is a standard access list named ‘Users’ permitting the 192.168.1.0/24 network, which suggests that there are potentially up to 254 hosts (given the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0) that could require NAT translation at any given time.

The current NAT pool ‘Internet’ has a range from 10.10.10.1 to 10.10.10.100 with a netmask of 255.255.255.0, which provides only 100 addresses for translation purposes.

To ensure that there is an address available for each potential host on the inside network (192.168.1.0/24), we need to increase the size of this NAT pool so it can support up to 254 usable addresses (which is one less than the total number due to network and broadcast addresses being unusable). This will allow for each internal user to be dynamically mapped to an external address within this range when accessing resources outside their local network.

GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol) and MHSRP (Multigroup Hot Standby Router Protocol) are the two technologies that enable all end hosts in a VLAN to utilize both gateways. GLBP allows for automatic load balancing on a single IP address, distributing client requests among all available routers. It achieves this by assigning multiple virtual MAC addresses to a single virtual IP address, which the end hosts use as their default gateway. MHSRP, on the other hand, is a variation of HSRP that allows for the creation of multiple HSRP groups on a single interface, providing load balancing by assigning different groups to different end hosts.

References:

The Cisco Community discussion on “GLBP vs HSRP” provides insights into the advantages of GLBP over HSRP, including the ability to load balance with a single default gateway1.

GeeksforGeeks offers a comparison of HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP, highlighting the load balancing capabilities of GLBP2.

ITU Online explains the suitability of HSRP for Cisco infrastructure and GLBP for optimizing both redundancy and traffic distribution3.

IP With Ease provides a detailed comparison of HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP, noting that GLBP is the only protocol that provides load balancing among devices in the group4.

Networks Training compares HSRP and VRRP, and emphasizes GLBP’s unique ability to load balance traffic

On-premises infrastructures are physically closer to the end-user or the systems that are using them, which typically results in lower latency due to the reduced distance data must travel compared to cloud infrastructures. This proximity allows for quicker data retrieval and processing, making it ideal for applications that require real-time or near-real-time access to data.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course 

Citrix XenServer is a Type 1 hypervisor, also known as a bare-metal hypervisor. It is installed directly on the physical server’s hardware and manages the hardware and guest operating systems. This type of hypervisor provides high performance and stability because it does not run inside another operating system but acts as a lightweight operating system itself designed to run virtual machines. Citrix XenServer is based on the open-source Xen Project hypervisor and is optimized for server, desktop, and cloud virtualization infrastructures. References: The information is supported by the official Citrix documentation1 and further details can be found in the Citrix Hypervisor technical overview

 Cisco Advanced Malware Protection for Endpoints (AMP4E) is designed to prevent, detect, and respond to advanced malware attacks. It has the capability to block ransomware by identifying malicious files and behavior associated with this type of threat. Additionally, AMP4E can block Microsoft Word macro attacks by detecting the malicious scripts often embedded within macros that are designed to execute malware or other harmful actions on a user’s system. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/security/amp-fo r-endpoints/c11-742008-00-cisco-amp-for-endpoints-wp-v2a.pdf

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that allows for the use of both equal and unequal cost load balancing, providing more flexibility in routing decisions. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), on the other hand, is a link-state protocol that only supports equal cost path load balancing. This means that OSPF will only use multiple paths if they have the same cost metric, whereas EIGRP can utilize paths with different metrics, optimizing the use of network resources and potentially improving overall network performance.

Traffic policing in QoS (Quality of Service) involves dropping or marking packets that exceed a defined rate limit, ensuring network stability and performance (option C). It’s typically implemented close to the source of traffic to prevent unnecessary traffic from traversing the network, conserving bandwidth and reducing congestion (option E). References := Cisco’s official documentation on QoS

The OSPF neighborship is failing between the two interfaces due to a mismatch in OSPF timers. OSPF relies on several timers for the establishment and maintenance of neighbor relationships, including Hello and Dead intervals. In this case, both routers have different Hello and Dead intervals configured, leading to a failure in establishing OSPF neighborship.

The function of vBond in a Cisco SD-WAN deployment is to onboard SD-WAN routers into the SD-WAN overlay. vBond orchestrates the establishment of control connections between the controllers and the SD-WAN routers, ensuring initial authentication and facilitating the joining process of the routers to the SD-WAN fabric.

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The vSmart controller in a Cisco SD-WAN environment manages the control plane. It acts as the brain of the network, orchestrating control plane operations, optimizing routing decisions, and ensuring secure communication across the network. References: Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Getting Started Guide3, [Part 6] Cisco SDWAN - vSmart Controller

The script is missing an event to trigger the EEM applet. In Cisco EEM (Embedded Event Manager), an event is a specific occurrence on a network device that is detected by EEM. The “event none” statement is used in EEM scripts when the applet is not triggered by any system events but can be manually run. In this case, since the script aims to apply an access list, it doesn’t need to be triggered automatically by any system events but can be invoked as required.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

The command set ‘aaa new-model’ followed by ‘aaa authentication login console local’ configures the router to use the local database for authenticating network administrators connecting to the console port. This ensures that authentication occurs over the network, providing secure access control.

Type 2 hypervisors, also known as hosted hypervisors, run on a conventional operating system just like other computer programs. Examples of Type 2 hypervisors include Oracle VirtualBox, Oracle Solaris Zones, and Microsoft Virtual PC, which are installed on top of the host’s operating system. References: The information is based on the knowledge from the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source book and confirmed by the search results

The question pertains to configuring DSW1 as the root bridge for VLAN 10 and 20. In the context of MST (Multiple Spanning Tree), the priority values determine which switch becomes the root bridge, with lower values indicating higher priority. Options A and D are correct because they set the priority for MST instance 1, which can be mapped to VLANs 10 and 20, ensuring DSW1 has a lower priority and thus becomes the root bridge.

 The sync no option ensures that the EEM applet runs asynchronously with respect to the CLI, meaning it does not wait for the CLI command that triggered the event to complete before running. The skip no option means that the CLI command that triggered the event will not be skipped and will be executed normally after the applet runs. This combination is required to prevent entering configuration mode because it allows the applet to run and take action without interrupting or skipping the triggering command.

 For voice networks, the minimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) required is typically around 25 dB. The SNR is the difference between the signal strength and the noise level. Given the options, we calculate the SNR for each and find that option A provides an SNR of 24 dBm (91 dBm noise subtracted from -67 dBm signal strength), which is the closest to the required minimum SNR for voice networks. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials1.

The Template Editor in Cisco DNA Center is utilized to create generic configurations, known as templates, which can be applied to devices with similar network settings. This tool allows for the design of templates with predefined configurations using parameterized elements or variables. Once a template is created, it can be deployed to devices configured at one or more sites across the network.

Postman is an application that has the ability to make REST calls against Cisco DNA Center. It is a popular tool used by developers and network engineers to test and develop APIs. Postman allows users to send HTTP requests to RESTful APIs and view the responses, making it an ideal tool for interacting with Cisco DNA Center’s REST APIs. References := Introduction to Cisco DNA Center REST APIs

The Mobility Role Anchor configuration under Clients > Detail on the WLC indicates support for Layer 3 intercontroller roaming. This roaming type allows clients to move across access points connected to different controllers while preserving their IP addresses and session continuity, thus ensuring seamless mobility within the network.

The process of summarizing routes in OSPF involves:

Identifying the contiguous networks that can be summarized.

Using the area range command on the ABR to specify the summary address and mask.

Applying the command to the area that contains the detailed routes, not the area where the summary is to be advertised.

References: For detailed instructions and examples, refer to the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book and study guide, which provide comprehensive coverage of OSPF route summarization on Cisco routers

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Next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) are designed to go beyond the capabilities of traditional firewalls by incorporating advanced features such as deep packet inspection and application awareness. Deep packet inspection allows the firewall to examine the data within the packets passing through it, enabling it to identify and control applications, detect intrusions, and prevent attacks. Application awareness refers to the firewall’s ability to recognize and control applications regardless of the port or protocol used for communication, providing more granular traffic management and security.

 To assign an IP address to the GigabitEthernet1 interface, the engineer needs to ensure that the interface is configured to support IPv4 addressing and then assign the specific IP address. Option B, “Router(config-vrf)#address-family ipv4”, is required to specify that IPv4 addressing is being configured within the VRF. Option E, “Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0”, assigns the specific IP address and subnet mask to the GigabitEthernet1 interface. References := The explanation can be corroborated with information available in Cisco’s official documentation and training materials for Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies.

 The code snippet provided in the exhibit is a simple Python program that initializes a variable count with the value of 8. It then enters a while loop that continues executing as long as count is greater than 4. Inside the loop, it prints the current value of count and then decrements count by one each iteration. As a result, it will print the numbers 8, 7, 6, and 5 before count becomes less than or equal to four and the loop terminates.

 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing protocol that uses the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the shortest path tree for each route. It supports an unlimited number of hops, making it suitable for larger and more complex networks. OSPF also supports only equal-cost load balancing, which means it can only balance traffic across paths that have the same cost metric.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), on the other hand, is a distance vector protocol that uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to achieve rapid convergence and ensure loop-free operation at every instant. EIGRP supports a maximum of 255 hops, which is typically more than sufficient for most enterprise networks. Additionally, EIGRP is capable of unequal-cost load balancing, allowing it to distribute traffic across multiple paths with different metrics, optimizing the use of network resources4567.

References := Cisco Community’s Dynamic Routing Protocols, GeeksforGeeks’ Difference between EIGRP and OSPF, Cisco Community’s OSPF vs EIGRP, Cisco Learning Network’s EIGRP vs OSPF

The IP SLA operation that requires an IP SLA responder to be configured on the remote end is UDP jitter. This operation measures the delay variation (jitter) between IP SLA devices and requires a responder to accurately measure this metric. The responder provides a timestamp for when the packet is received and sent back, allowing for precise measurement of round-trip time and jitter3.

References: IP SLAs Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 15M&T3.

The issue is that VLAN 10 has propagated to SW3, which is against the company policy. The company policy allows only VLAN 10 on SW1 and SW2. To correct this issue, the allowed VLANs on the trunk link connecting to SW3 should be configured to exclude VLAN 10. Option C accomplishes this by configuring the trunk link on SW2 (int gi1/2) to allow all VLANs except VLAN 10 (switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-9,11-4094).

References :=

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

On-Demand E-Learning

 SSO (Stateful Switchover) works in conjunction with HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) to provide a rapid failover solution in the event of a link failure. This collaboration is crucial for minimizing network disruptions and maintaining continuous data forwarding. When a failure is detected, SSO enables the standby router to assume control promptly, ensuring minimal impact on traffic and ongoing services.

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework that enables applications to obtain limited access to user accounts on an HTTP service, such as Facebook, GitHub, or Google. It works by delegating user authentication to the service that hosts the user account and authorizing third-party applications to access the user account. OAuth 2.0 provides clients a “secure delegated access” to server resources on behalf of a resource owner. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training

R2

config t

username NetworkAdmin privilege 15 password CiscoENCOR

line vty 0 4

login local

transport input telnet rlogin

exec-timeout 1200 0

Answer: See the solution below in Explanation.

R1

router bgp 10

no bgp default ipv4-unicast

bgp router-id 10.1.1.111

neigh 209.165.200.226 remote-as 20

neigh 209.165.202.130 remote-as 30

address-family ipv4

network 10.1.1.10 mask 255.255.255.255

network 209.165.201.20 mask 255.255.255.255

network 209.165.201.10 mask 255.255.255.255

neigh 209.165.200.226 activate

neigh 209.165.202.130 activate

wr

R2

R3

In the given scenario, Cisco IOS routers R1 and R2 can form an OSPF neighborship on interface Gi0/0 by ensuring that the interface is not set as passive and by configuring the OSPF network command on R1. In Option C, R2 has been configured with “passive-interface Gi0/0” under the OSPF routing process, which means OSPF neighbor relationships won’t be formed on thisinterface. However, on R1, “no passive-interface Gi0/0” is configured ensuring that OSPF hello packets are exchanged allowing for neighbor formation. Additionally, the “network” command is used to enable OSPF on specified interfaces belonging to the mentioned network.

R1

en

Conf t

Router ospf 10

Router-id 10.x.x.x – lo0 address

Int range lo0, e0/0-1

Ip ospf 10 area 0

Exit

wr

R2

Router ospf 10

Area 10 range 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0

exit

wr

R3

Router ospf 10

Area 10 range 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0

Exit

Wr

OR

R22

int tun0

vrf forwarding FINANCE

ip add 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0

tunn source e0/0

tunnel dest 209.165.200.230

no shut

ip route vrf FINANCE 10.10.111.0 255.255.255.0 tunn0

int et0/1

vrf forwarding FINANCE

ip address 10.22.22.1 255.255.255.252

wr

Verification:-

OR

Solution:

SW10

Int ran e02/-3

Channel-group 10 mode active

Verification:

Solution:

R3

Int e0/1

Ip ospf priority 255

End

Copy run start

R2

Int e0/1

Ip ospf network point-to-point

End

Copy run start

R10

Int e0/0

Ip ospf network point-to-point

End

Copy run start

OR

Solution: -

Easy as per above configurations you can get it done anyway they change it.

R3

Config#int et0/1

config-if#ip ospf priority 255

wr

R20

clear ip ospf process

yes

R10

int et0/0

ip ospf priority 0

wr

R2

clear ip ospf process

yes

Solution:

R10

Copy run start

R20

Copy run start

Verification:

Solution:

Copy run start

Verification:

OR

Solution:

SW10

Conf t

Default int e0/0

Int e0/0

No sh

Conf t

Copy run start

Verification from PC2

Show etherchannel summary

OR

Solution:

SW20

Conf t

Spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst

No int po10

No shut

exit

Int e0/0

No switchport mode access

Copy run start

Verification:

Solution:

Copy run start

Verification:

OR

Solution:-

Default int range et0/0-1

Int range e0/0 – 1

Sw trunk encap dot1

Switch mode trunk

Channel-group 2 mode passive

No shut

Spanning-tree vlan 10 priority 0

Spanning-tree vlan 30 priority 0

VERIFICATION: -

OR

Solution:-

Copy run start

R1

config

flow exporter Export-NetFlowENCOR

transport udp 2055

ip sla schedule 100 life forever start-time now

wr

Sw1

monitor session 11 source interface e0/2

monitor session 11 destination interface et1/1

wr

OR

OR

SOLUTION: -

SW10

Conf t

Default int e0/0

Int e0/0

No sh

Switchport trunk encap dot1q

Switchport mode trunk

Udld port aggressive

Switchport trunk allowed vlan add 300

No sh

Ex

OR

Solution:

Copy run start

Copy run start

Copy run start

Verification:-

OR

Solution on R1:

R1# copy run start

Verification:

OR

SOLUTION: -

VERIFICATION: -

OR

router bgp 10

bgp router-id 10.1.1.111

no bgp defa ipv4-unicast

nei 209.165.200.226 remote-as 20

nei 209.165.202.130 remote-as 30

address-family ipv4

neigh 209.165.200.226 activate

neigh 209.165.202.130 activate

network 10.1.1.10 mask 255.255.255.255

network 209.165.201.10 mask 255.255.255.255

network 209.165.201.20 mask 255.255.255.255

wr

An omnidirectional antenna is designed to radiate or receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally well, forming a radiation pattern that, when graphically represented, typically resembles a doughnut shape. This type of antenna is commonly used in scenarios where a uniform coverage area is needed, such as in wireless local area networks (WLANs) for providing Wi-Fi access.

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 The command ‘show netconf | section rpc-reply’ is used to filter the output of the ‘show netconf’ command to display only the sections that include ‘rpc-reply’. This is useful for verifying NETCONF capability reply messages because it allows administrators to focus on the specific part of the NETCONF messages where reply elements are present, which confirms the capabilities of a NETCONF server. References: The explanation provided is based on knowledge from Cisco’s documentation and training materials related to Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR).

 The vSwitch, or virtual switch, is the component that enables communication between guest VMs within a virtualized environment. It operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and allows virtual machines on the same host to communicate with each other as if they were connected to the same physical switch. The vSwitch can also connect to physical switches to facilitate communication between VMs and the external network.

References:

The concept of vSwitch is covered in the Cisco course “Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)” where it discusses the role of virtualization in modern network environments.

Additional information can be found in the Cisco documentation and training materials available on the Cisco Learning Network Store, specifically in the course materials for SPCOR.

HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary redundancy protocol for establishing a fault-tolerant default gateway. The protocol establishes a framework between network routers to achieve default gateway failover if the primary gateway becomes inaccessible.

B: If Fa0/0 is shut down, the HSRP priority on R2 becomes 80. This is because interfaces going down can trigger a priority decrement in HSRP, which is often configured with the standby track  command.

E: R2 is using the default HSRP hello and hold timers. The default hello time is 3 seconds, and the hold time is 10 seconds. These values can be seen in the output of the show standby command if they are not explicitly configured to different values.

 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path to each network and allows for unequal cost load balancing with the variance command. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), on the other hand, uses the Dijkstra algorithm to build a shortest-path tree for each route and does not support unequal cost load balancing by default. References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book would contain more information on the differences between EIGRP and OSPF, including their algorithms and load balancing capabilities.

 HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) uses a virtual MAC address for each group of routers participating in the protocol. The default virtual MAC address format for HSRP is 0000.0C07.ACxy, where xy is the HSRP group number in hexadecimal. For group 16, the hexadecimal equivalent is 10, resulting in the virtual MAC address 00:00:0c:07:ac:101.

References: Cisco’s official documentation on HSRP.

 SNMP interface indexes are dynamically assigned when a router boots up. If a new interface is installed and the router is reloaded, the SNMP interface index may change, which can cause SNMP queries to fail because the monitoring system is polling the wrong index.

 In the context of Cisco devices, when configuring a port channel with LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol), both ends of the port-channel must be set to compatible modes for the LACP bundle to form successfully. The exhibit shows that interface Gi0/1 is in an active state (SA flag), which means it is actively sending LACP packets. For Gi0/0 to join the bundle, it also needs to be set to either active or passive mode. Since we want it to function as expected and form a port-channel, setting it to ‘active’ will ensure that it sends LACP packets and attempts to negotiate with other LACP-enabled ports.

Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) is a technique used to determine the maximum transmission unit size on the network path between two IP hosts, avoiding fragmentation along the path. PMTUD works by setting the DF (Don’t Fragment) bit in the packet header, which instructs routers not to fragment packets even if they exceed the maximum transmission unit of an intermediate network segment. If a packet cannot be forwarded without fragmentation, an ICMP “Packet Too Big” message should be sent back to the source host, indicating that it should reduce its packet size. However, if these ICMP messages are blocked by an access control list (ACL), PMTUD cannot function correctly because the source host will not receive feedback about necessary packet size adjustments. References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) study materials would cover PMTUD and related troubleshooting scenarios.

The correct configuration for the scenario described would involve setting up VPN-A to send traffic to VPN-B and receive from VPN-C, and VPN-B to send to VPN-C and receive from VPN-A. This can be achieved through proper routing and forwarding configurations using technologies such as MPLS L3VPNs, which allow for the segregation of different VPN traffic over a shared network infrastructure. The configuration would ensure that the correct paths are established for traffic flow between the VPNs as specified. References := The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course provides a deep dive into Service Provider technologies including core architecture, services, networking, automation, quality of services, security, and network assurance. It covers topics such as MPLS VPNs, which are relevant to the question1

When using Cisco ISE for a guest portal with the default configuration, if a warning appears during the testing phase, it typically indicates an issue with the server’s certificate. In most cases, this warning occurs because the server is using a self-signed certificate which is not trusted by user devices by default. Users will see a warning message in their browsers when trying to access the guest portal because their devices do not recognize the issuer of the self-signed certificate as a trusted authority.

In a Cisco network fabric, an AP (Access Point) in local mode is connected directly to a fabric edge switch. This setup allows the AP to communicate with the fabric’s control plane nodes, which are responsible for managing and orchestrating the network fabric. The fabric edge switchserves as the access layer in the fabric architecture, providing connectivity to endpoints like APs, while also interfacing with the fabric’s core and distribution layers.

References := Cisco’s official documentation on network fabric 

 Cisco DNA Center allows management of non-Cisco devices through southbound protocols by creating device packs using an SDK (Software Development Kit). This enables the DNA Center to discover network devices from different vendors and manage their configurations effectively. The device packs act like device drivers for network devices, allowing DNA Center to attach and discover the device. Cisco has developed an SDK so that packs for other devices can be developed, which HCL used to demonstrate the end-to-end management capabilities of their service1. References := DNA Center Rapidly On-boards non-Cisco Devices - Cisco Community

The correct configuration for the scenario described is to use TACACS for authentication, and if TACACS is unavailable, allow login without any credentials. This is achieved by the command aaa authentication login default group tacacs+ none, which specifies TACACS as the primary authentication method and none as the secondary method, meaning no authentication is required if TACACS is not available.

References: The information is based on the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training

IP SLA (Service Level Agreement) tracking might fail due to several reasons, but based on the options provided: B. A route back to the R1 LAN network is missing in R2 - If R2 does not have a proper route back to the source of the IP SLA operation (R1’s LAN network), it cannot send return traffic, causing the IP SLA operation to fail. C. The source-interface is configured incorrectly - If the source interface for IP SLA is not correctly configured or does not have connectivity, it will result in failures because IP SLA operations depend on correct source interface configuration for sending probes.

The correct Python code to display the value of the “hostname” key based on the router’s API output in JSON format is option C. This option correctly accesses the ‘hostname’ key nested within the ‘family’ key, which is part of the JSON data structure obtained from parsing the response text. The codesnippet json_data['response']['family']['hostname'] assumes that ‘response’ and ‘family’ are dictionary keys at different levels in a nested dictionary, with ‘hostname’ being a key inside the innermost dictionary.

Type 1 hypervisors run directly on the host’s hardware to control the hardware and to manage guest operating systems. A major benefit of Type 1 hypervisors is that they allow operators toleverage orchestrators to manage workloads that run on multiple Type 1 hypervisors, providing efficient and centralized management of virtualized environments.

 To resolve the certificate error that contractors are experiencing when trying to access the guest portal on Cisco ISE, a trusted third-party certificate should be installed on the Cisco ISE. This ensures that the certificate is recognized by the contractors’ devices, which may not have the internal CA certificate installed. Employees are not experiencing this issue because their devices likely have the internal CA certificate installed, which trusts the Cisco ISE’s current certificate.

 Wi-Fi networks can experience interference from various sources, which can significantly impact network performance. Rogue APs (Access Points) can cause interference by operating on the same or overlapping channels as the legitimate network. Radar systems, especially those operating in the 5 GHz band, can also interfere with Wi-Fi networks due to their strong signals and similar frequency range.

 In Cisco devices, the SNMP interface table can be added to NetFlow protocol flow records by including the option within the flow record configuration. The flow record defines the keys and non-key fields that will be included in the NetFlow cache entries. By specifying snmp interface as a match or collect option within a flow record, you can ensure that SNMP index information is included in each flow entry, which allows for better correlation with other SNMP data.

https://www.cisco.c om/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/fnetflow/command/reference/fnf_book/fnf_02.html

To configure AAA for central web authentication on a Cisco 9800 WLC, you typically need to define the RADIUS server and create an authorization method list. The RADIUS server holds the authentication and authorization policies, while the method list specifies the sequence of methods to be used for authorization.

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), protocol operations, and notifications for network management protocols. It provides a clear, hierarchical structure with support for configuration data, RPC operations, and notification events.

 A JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The JWT consists of three parts separated by dots (.), which are:

Header: The header typically consists of two parts: the type of the token, which is JWT, and the signing algorithm being used, such as HMAC SHA256 or RSA.

Payload: The payload contains the claims. Claims are statements about an entity (typically, the user) and additional data. There are three types of claims: registered, public, and private claims.

Signature: To create the signature part you have to take the encoded header, the encoded payload, a secret, the algorithm specified in the header, and sign that.

Identity Pre-Shared Key (Identity PSK) allows for the use of a single SSID to authenticate devices with different passwords. It is a feature that enables individualized PSKs for different clients on the same SSID. When using Identity PSK, each IoT device can have its own unique PSK while connecting to the same SSID, which is managed through Cisco ISE (Identity Services Engine). This setup enhances security by providing unique credentials for each device and simplifies management by reducing the number of SSIDs needed.

In VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), the router with the highest priority will become the master router for the group, provided it is higher than any other router in the group. The default priority is 100, and it can be set up to 255. The command vrrp priority  is used to set the priority of a VRRP group on an interface. To ensure that a router with a higher priority takes over as soon as it comes online, you should also use the preempt command which enables the VRRP router to become master if it has a higher priority than the current master. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

The goal is to prevent R3 from receiving the LSA about 172.16.1.4/32. To achieve this, a prefix-list is used to filter out the specific LSA updates in OSPF routing. Option C shows a configuration on router R3 that denies the prefix 172.16.1.4/32 using a prefix-list named INTO-AREA1, which is then applied to OSPF area 0 with the ‘area 1 filter-list prefix INTO-AREA1 in’ command. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0 - This content can be found within the official Cisco SPCOR study materials, where it discusses OSPF routing and route filtering using prefix lists.

 The correct Python code snippet that prints the descriptions of disabled interfaces only is Option C. This option correctly iterates through the interfaces, checks if the ‘enabled’ key is set to False, and then prints out the ‘description’ of those interfaces. It’s important to note that in Python, boolean values are capitalized (True and False), and this code snippet adheres to that convention.

The Cisco DNA Center application responsible for group-based access control permissions is the Policy application. This application allows network administrators to define and enforce security policies across the network. It provides micro-level segmentation, enabling control over the types of network traffic permitted or denied between different groups, such as engineering and HR. The Policy application simplifies policy management by applying security groups to all virtual networks and providing a clear view of the overall policy structure.

References := Cisco DNA Center User Guide

Quality of Service (QoS) traffic descriptors are used to classify network traffic, which is essential for applying QoS policies such as traffic shaping and policing. The MPLS EXP bits and DSCP are among the parameters used as traffic descriptors. MPLS EXP bits are used in MPLS networks to carry QoS information, while DSCP is used in IP networks to classify packets for QoS purposes.

 Stateful Switchover (SSO) is a redundancy mechanism used in networking to ensure minimal network downtime in the event of a switchover. It requires two route processors (supervisors) to be in sync to guarantee continuous connectivity. When SSO is combined with Nonstop Forwarding (NSF), it supports uninterrupted Layer 3 operations, allowing the network to maintain routing information and continue forwarding packets without interruption during a switchover.

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Cisco IOS Nonstop Forwarding(NSF) always runs with stateful switchover (SSO) and provides redundancy for Layer 3 traffic.

 The strongest password authentication for local router access would be one that uses a strong encryption algorithm to hash the password. In Cisco routers, this can be achieved by using the “username [username] secret” command followed by a complex password string which is then encrypted using a strong hashing algorithm like SHA-256 or MD5. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

In OSPF, to reduce the number of routes advertised by type 3 LSAs to other areas and to summarize routes at an area boundary, the area range command is used on the Area Border Router (ABR). The correct command should specify the area that contains the networks you want to summarize (in this case, Area 1) and include a summary address that encompasses all of the networks you wish to advertise as a single route.

Option D is correct because it specifies Area 1, which is where Atlanta router interfaces are located according to the exhibit provided in your question (assuming that Atlanta is an ABR between Area 1 and Backbone Area 0). The IP address range 192.168.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0 correctly summarizes the subnets 192.168.x.x/24 where x ranges from 0-7, which would include all subnets from 192.168.0.x through 192.168.7.x.

The wireless received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is a measurement of how strong a wireless signal is received by a device, measured in decibels relative to a milliwatt (dBm). It is an important metric for determining the quality of a wireless connection, as it indicates the power level being received after all possible losses at the antenna.

For a site-to-site wireless connection, a Yagi antenna is the optimal choice due to its directional signal capability. This antenna type focuses radio waves in a single direction, enhancing range and minimizing interference from other sources. The design of the Yagi antenna allows it to capture more signal from a specific direction, which is ideal for point-to-point communication between two locations.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

Northbound APIs in the context of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provide a means for applications and services to communicate with the SDN controller. These APIs allow for the programmatic control of network resources that have been abstracted by the controller, enabling efficient orchestration and automation of the network to align with the needs of different applications. This facilitates a dynamic and flexible approach to network management that is not possible with traditional networking methods. References := What are SDN Northbound APIs

 In the context of Cisco Wireless Access Points (APs), the client mode allows an AP to function similarly to a WLAN client. This mode is particularly useful for testing the wireless environment from a client’s perspective. By operating in client mode, the AP associates with another AP as a client would, allowing it to test the end-to-end connectivity and identify any potential issues that a regular client might encounter. This mode is instrumental in troubleshooting client connectivity problems and ensuring that the wireless network is properly configured and operational for client devices.

To establish eBGP peering using loopback interfaces as the BGP router ID, you need to specify the neighbor’s loopback address with the remote-as command followed by setting the update source to the local router’s loopback interface. The configuration provided in option A correctly sets up eBGP peering between R3 and R4 using their respective loopback addresses for BGP router ID. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

The exhibit shows the configuration of a router’s line console (line con) and virtual terminal lines (VTY). The privilege level assigned to VTY users is indicated by the command privilege level 15 under the line vty configuration section, which means that VTY users are assigned privilege level 15, granting them full access to all router commands. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

Dynamic key generation is a security feature used in wireless networks to provide each user with a unique encryption key, which is dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. This method enhances security by ensuring that even if one key is compromised, it does not affect the security of other users’ connections. The correct command to configure an access point (AP) to require wireless users to authenticate using dynamic key generation is AP(config-if-ssid)# authentication dynamic open wep_dynamic. This command sets the AP to use dynamic WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) keys along with open authentication.

References: The information is based on the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training

When a client device roams between access points that are joined to the same controller, even if the access points are in different AP groups with different IP addresses, the type of roam that occurs is known as an intra-controller roam. This is because the access points are managed by the same controller, and the client remains within the same VLAN across the roam. The intra-controller roam is seamless and efficient, as the client’s session and authentication state are maintained by the controller, allowing for uninterrupted service.

Mobility, or roaming, is a wireless LAN client’s ability to maintain its association

seamlessly from one access point to another securely and with as little latency as

possible. Three popular types of client roaming are:

Intra-Controller Roaming: Each controller supports same-controller client roaming

across access points managed by the same controller. This roaming is transparent

to the client as the session is sustained, and the client continues using the same

DHCP-assigned or client-assigned IP address.

Inter-Controller Roaming: Multiple-controller deployments support client roaming

across access points managed by controllers in the same mobility group and on the

same subnet. This roaming is also transparent to the client because the session is

sustained and a tunnel between controllers allows the client to continue using the

same DHCP- or client-assigned IP address as long as the session remains active.

Inter-Subnet Roaming: Multiple-controller deployments support client roaming

across access points managed by controllers in the same mobility group on different

subnets. This roaming is transparent to the client because the session is sustained

and a tunnel between the controllers allows the client to continue using the same

DHCP-assigned or client-assigned IP address as long as the session remains active.

 A data modeling language is used to structure, group, validate, and replicate data in a way that is efficient and manageable. It allows for the creation of a clear data schema that can be easily understood and used by different systems and applications. This is particularly important in Service Provider network infrastructures, where large volumes of data need to be processed and managed effectively.

CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) switching is a highly efficient packet-switching method used on Cisco devices that utilizes dedicated hardware processors to handle packet forwarding. This contrasts with process switching, where the main processor (CPU) of the device is responsible for making forwarding decisions for each individual packet. CEF switching can significantly improve the performance of a network device by offloading the work from the main processor and allowing packets to be forwarded at line-rate speed.

The correct configuration to allow all commands to be authorized if the user has successfully authenticated when all RADIUS servers are unreachable is option C, which is aaa authorization exec default group radius if-authenticated. This command specifies that if a user has been authenticated, then they should be authorized to execute all commands in the absence of any reachable RADIUS servers. It’s a fallback mechanism that ensures users retain command execution privileges even when the RADIUS server cannot be contacted.

The response code 204 in the context of an HTTP operation typically indicates that a request was successfully processed, but there is no content to return in the response body. In this case, since the script was run on a Cisco IOS-XE router and resulted in a response code of 204, it suggests that the configuration command was accepted by the device and processed successfully without any errors or conflicts such as another interface having the same IP address or the interface not existing on the target device.

The correct configuration for a router on a stick, which allows routing between different VLANs on a single physical interface, involves creating sub-interfaces for each VLAN, assigning them the correct VLAN IDs, and configuring the encapsulation type, usually 802.1Q. The sub-interfaces act as default gateways for their respective VLANs. The configuration should also include the ip address command to assign the appropriate IP address to each sub-interface.

We must reconfigure the IP address after assigning or removing an interface to a VRF. Otherwise that interface does not have an IP address.

YANG data models are designed to define the structure of network configuration and state data. They include:

rpc statements: These define remote procedure calls that can be invoked on network elements via management protocols like NETCONF.

container statements: These define hierarchically structured containers of data, which can hold other data elements such as leafs, lists, and additional containers.

YANG is a modular language that represents data structures in an XML tree format, and it is protocol-independent, meaning it can be converted into any encoding format like XML or JSON that the network configuration protocol supports. It also allows for the use of XPATH expressions to define constraints on the elements of a YANG data model.

 A vSwitch, or virtual switch, enables VMs to communicate with each other within a virtualized server. It is a software-based network switch that operates within a virtualized environment, bridging virtual machines (VMs) and physical network interfaces. Unlike a hardware switch, it does not support advanced Layer 3 routing protocols, does not have higher performance than a hardware switch, and does not operate as a hub broadcasting traffic to all vPorts.

The intermittent connectivity issue where some internal hosts can connect to an external public server while others receive an ICMP Host Unreachable message suggests a misconfiguration in the NAT Access Control List (ACL). The NAT ACL is responsible for specifying which internal hosts are allowed to translate their private IP addresses to public IP addresses. If the NAT ACL does not match all internal hosts, only some hosts will be able to establish a connection, leading to the observed intermittent connectivity.

To configure and verify router R3 to measure the response time to the file server, the correct command set involves enabling IP SLA responder and configuring an IP SLA probe. The IP SLA responder is configured on the target device, in this case, the file server, to respond to the IP SLA probe sent by R3. The probe is configured on R3 to send a specific type of test traffic to the responder, and the response time is measured based on the round-trip time of the packets.

Option C is the correct choice because it includes the commands to set up an IP SLA ICMP-echo operation, which sends ICMP echo requests from R3 to the file server’s IP address. The ip sla schedule command is used to specify the operation number, start time, life of the operation, and frequency of the test.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/smb/switches/cis co-550x-series-stackable-managed-switches/smb5797-configure-ip-sla-tracking-for-ipv4-static-routes-on-an-sg550.html

The Cisco SD-Access control plane characteristic is that it stores remote routes in a centralized database server. This is achieved through the use of the Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP), which allows the control plane to map between endpoints and their locations within the network. LISP acts as the control plane for Cisco’s Software-Defined Access (SD-Access), resolving endpoint-to-VTEP mappings and enabling scalable host mobility across the network. References: Cisco SD-Access Architecture : Control, Data & Policy Plane

To elect SW4 as the root bridge for VLAN 1, the priority value needs to be lower than any other switch in the network for that VLAN. The default priority value is 32768, and by setting SW4’s priority to 32768 for VLAN 1, it does not guarantee that SW4 will become the root bridge unless all other switches have their priorities set higher or equal and have a higher MAC address. However, assuming all other factors are default, this could make SW4 a candidate for being the root bridge if it has the lowest MAC address.

To put G0/2 on SW2 into a blocking state, we need to influence the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) decisions. This can be done by manipulating port costs or priorities to ensure that this port does not provide the best path to the root bridge. By setting the spanning-tree cost of G0/2 on SW2 to 128, it increases the likelihood of this port being selected as a non-designated port if there is another path with a lower cost.

The endpoint security aspect of the Cisco Threat Defense architecture includes outbound URL analysis and data transfer controls, which help in preventing data exfiltration and unauthorized access to sensitive information. Additionally, cloud-based analysis of threats allows for continuous monitoring and rapid detection of new and emerging threats, leveraging the latest threat intelligence without requiring manual updates from security administrators. References := Cisco Cyber Threat Defense v2, What Is Endpoint Security? - Cisco, Cisco IoT Threat Defense, Endpoint security: A critical component for resilience, Cisco Bolsters Endpoint Security

 JWT, or JSON Web Token, is an encoded JSON token that is used to securely exchange information between parties. It is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

The correct Python code snippet to parse the response from a JSON object and print out the ‘simple_time’ value would be print(response['body']['simple_time']). This line of code correctly accesses the ‘body’ key within our response dictionary, then further accesses ‘simple_time’ key within that nested dictionary to retrieve and print its value. References: Python programming documentation on handling JSON objects would be helpful here as it explains how to parse JSON responses using Python’s json module. Additionally, Cisco’s Network Programmability with YANG: The Structure of Network Automation with YANG, NETCONF, RESTCONF, and gNMI by Benoit Claise et al., could provide more context on parsing responses in network automation scripts.

 In Cisco’s Software-Defined Access (SD-Access), Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) plays a crucial role in the data plane for forwarding traffic. LISP separates the end systems’ identities from their locations on the network, allowing for more efficient routing decisions based on endpoints’ identity rather than their IP address alone. This separation allows SD-Access to create flexible overlays for traffic forwarding over various transport networks. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

 In BGP, the Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED) attribute is used to inform external neighbors about the preferred path into an AS when multiple entry points exist. A lower MED value is preferred over a higher one. Therefore, if RouterDAL advertises a route to the 10.0.0.0/24 network with a lower MED compared to RouterCHI, RouterSF will choose the route from RouterDAL. This is assuming all other attributes are equal and there is no more specific route or policy in place that would override the MED consideration.

The configuration line ‘aaa authentication login default group ISE-Servers local enable’ sets up the router to use the ISE-Servers group for authentication first. If both servers in the ISE-Servers group are unavailable, it falls back to using the local username database (‘local’). If there are no usernames defined in the configuration, then as a last resort, it uses the enable password (‘enable’) for login. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

The correct Python snippet to store the devices data structure in a JSON file is option C. This option uses the json.dump() method, which serializes devices (the data structure) into a JSON formatted stream to OutFile (which is the opened file for writing). The ‘w’ argument in open() function stands for write mode, which allows you to write to the file.

 In a scenario where Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) is used, each VRF instance has its own separate set of routing and forwarding tables. When an interface is assigned to a specific VRF, all Layer 2 activities including ARP are limited to that particular VRF. Therefore, if you are trying to view the ARP table from the global routing context, you will not see an entry for an IP address that belongs to a different VRF. In this case, since Interface FastEthernet0/0 is part of VRF CUST-A, any ARP entries associated with it would only be visible within that specific VRF’s ARP table. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

 HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary redundancy protocol for establishing a fault-tolerant default gateway. The protocol establishes a framework between network routers in order to achieve default gateway failover if the primary gateway becomes inaccessible, by assigning a virtual MAC address to the group of routers participating in HSRP. By default, HSRP group 32 uses the virtual MAC address 00:00:0c:07:ac:20. This address is composed of the Cisco OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) 00:00:0c, followed by the HSRP identifier 07:ac, and finally the HSRP group number in hexadecimal, which for group 32 is 20. References: Cisco’s official documentation on HSRP

The company should choose the Cisco United Wireless Network solution, which supports centralized management for multiple branch locations. This solution allows for local Internet connections at each site while maintaining a link to the main office for corporate connectivity. It provides centralized control and management of access points from the data center, distributing client data traffic at each branch office, which aligns with the company’s requirements. References: Cisco Catalyst 9800 FlexConnect Branch Deployment Guide

The script shown in the exhibit uses the ncclient library in Python, which is a client for NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol). The manager.connect method is used to establish a session with a network device using NETCONF over SSH. The script then retrieves the running configuration of the device using the get_config method with 'source': 'running', specifying that it wants to retrieve the running configuration data. Finally, it writes this data into an XML file named after the host variable. This process is typically used for network automation tasks such as backing up configurations or programmatically retrieving information from network devices.

The configuration in Option C correctly sets up EBGP peering by specifying the neighbor command with the appropriate IP address and remote-as number for each router. This aligns with the BGP configuration practices taught in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course. References := The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide provide detailed information on BGP configuration and best practices

To prevent a route to 172.16.0.0/16 from being learned via OSPF, the network engineer must apply a distribute-list that references the prefix list in the inbound direction of the OSPF process. The command distribute-list prefix OFFICE in under the OSPF process will filter incoming routing updates based on the specified prefix list. Since the prefix list named OFFICE has a sequence that denies the 172.16.0.0/16 prefix, any routes matching this prefix will not be accepted into the OSPF routing table. The distribute-list needs to be applied in both the inbound direction on interfaces receiving OSPF updates (option A) and in the OSPF process itself to filter routes being received from OSPF neighbors (option E).

In a Cisco SD-Access deployment, a fabric wireless LAN controller (WLC) manages fabric-enabled access points (APs) and is responsible for forwarding client registration and roaming information to the Control Plane Node. This ensures seamless mobility and security for wireless clients within the fabric.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 Cisco TrustSec, also known as CTS, is a security architecture that enables secure networks by establishing domains of trusted network devices. The main components of Cisco TrustSec include:

Authenticated networking infrastructure: This involves the authentication of devices within the TrustSec domain. The first device, known as the seed device, authenticates with the authentication server, and subsequent devices are authenticated by their peers within the domain.

Security group-based access control: Access policies within the TrustSec domain are based on the roles of source and destination devices, indicated by security group numbers, rather than network addresses.

Secure communication: Communication between devices in the domain can be secured with encryption, message integrity checks, and data-path replay protection mechanisms.

References: Understanding Cisco TrustSec1.

 When a FlexConnect AP changes to standalone mode, it means that the AP has lost or failed to establish CAPWAP connectivity with its Wireless LAN Controller (WLC). In this scenario, all controller-dependent activities stop working except for the Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS). DFS is a mechanism that allows wireless LANs to use 5 GHz frequencies that are shared with radar systems. It is a part of the radio regulations applied to WLANs, and it is designed to avoid causing interference to radar systems.

The sampler feature in Flexible NetFlow configuration allows the router to sample data packets rather than processing every packet that passes through it. This reduces the CPU and memory utilization as only a subset of packets is inspected, leading to more efficient use of resources while still providing valuable insights into network traffic patterns.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

Cisco Training & Certification resources

The protocol used to establish secure control plane adjacencies between Cisco SD-WAN nodes is TLS (Transport Layer Security). In the Cisco SD-WAN architecture, TLS provides a secure channel for control plane traffic between the various SD-WAN components, ensuring both privacy and data integrity. This is critical for maintaining a secure network environment, especially when transmitting sensitive information across the control plane.